According to the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (US FSIS) food safety is defined as “A suitable product which when consumed orally either by a human or an animal does not cause health risk to consumers.”

There are three types of health risks that can be caused by food:

1. Chemical – improperly stored, handled or used chemicals can be a source of contamination. Examples of chemicals used on farm include fertilizers, synthetic and non-synthetic pesticides, cleaning agents, fuel, etc.

2. Physical – anything that is not meant to be in the produce. Examples include screws, glass, staples, wood, insects, etc.

3. Biological (Microbial) – could be viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi, that cause illnesses and sometimes even death. (Bacteria that are disease causing are referred to as pathogens. Illnesses caused by eating contaminated foods are referred to a foodborne illnesses or food poisoning). It is important to consider and understand all three sources of potential contamination, but biological contamination is the biggest concern. This is in part because the human sensory system cannot see, taste, smell or feel pathogens or viruses, whereas we can often detect chemical contamination through smell or taste and physical contamination through touch or feel.

Food safety risks may be reduced on the farm by following good agricultural practices (GAPs). GAPs help growers understand the practices and risks associated with their farm, and help identify practical ways to reduce the risk of contaminating produce being grown, harvested and packed on the farm. Implementing GAPs on the farm help decrease the likelihood of a food safety outbreak.

There is no such thing as “zero-risk,” but practices and steps need to be in place on farms to minimize any potential risk of contamination. Although the common principles of GAPs don’t change from farm to farm, each GAP is unique, as every grower does things differently.

GAPs focus on assessing the risk in the following five key areas:

1. Water
2. Manure/Compost & Soil Amendments
3. Land Use (Previous/Adjacent) & Animal Access (Domestic/Wildlife)
4. Equipment, Tools & Buildings
5. Employee Health & Hygiene

Assessing the risks and implementing steps to reduce the chance of contamination in each of the above five areas and ensuring proper traceability is what makes GAPs successful on farm.